The numerical taxonomy technique is a multi - criteria decision making technique for evaluating and ranking alternatives, and is widely used in areas of planning and development. This Model like the other multi- criteria decision making models has some drawbacks, the most important criticism on this method is uniform presuming the indicators and being the indicators in same direction. Therefore, the objective of this paper is presenting appropriate methodology for improvement of this method and eliminating the limitations of this technique and introducing the modified taxonomy model. In the following of introducing the modified model, for better representing the difference, the two models is used to assess the level of development in rural areas of Mazandaran province. The research method is descriptive and applied, and libraries based on data of the 1385 Census. Results showed the more accurate the modified model compared with the contemporary taxonomy model. Development coefficient (Fi) and rank in these models have substantially different. Based on numerical taxonomy rural areas of Ghaemshahr Township with a grade of 0.455 are in rating 1 and rural areas of Ghaloga Township with a grade of 0.455 are in rating 3, Whereas with the modified model that to weight important indicators and also the direction of indicators (being positive or negative) is significant, Levels of development in rural areas of Ghaloga Township with a grade of. 396 to rating 1 and Ghaemshahr Township to rating 2 change.

Phenetic studies were performed on 97 populations of 13 Tulipa species and varieties belonging to the subgenus Tulipa of Iran in order to reveal inter-population variations, inter-specific differences and relationships as well as checking taxonomic position of T. ulophylla. Statistical analyses showed that, populations differ significantly in most of the quantitative morphological characters while species differ significantly in certain characteristics, which may be used in the species delimitation. Clustering and discriminant analysis supported taxonomic treatment of the subgenus Tulipa and also inclusion of T. ulophylla in the section Eichleres.

It is more than a quarter of century that economic development has been discussed as a goal and better value in the western and eastern societies, developed and undeveloped. It is mostly determined based on following believes and requirements: - Economic development is a linear trend, assessable and with an infinite persistence- Fulfilling the development will ensure the social and political development Accepting such theories and pre-requirements and this point that fast development is the only way by which all society’s complications such as housing, nutrition, employment, training encountered in most undeveloped countries will be removed, resulted in ambitious objectives in developing countries. But evaluating the result of first decade of this policy by UN (1960-1970) as well as the social situation of countries which experienced fast development, indicates that there is no reciprocal and direct relation between discussed development and balanced development such that even it has heightened the social inequalities and increased internal conflicts in most developing countries. This indicates that development is not merely an economical event and in order to promote their developmental bases and to remove and reducing the imbalances and most economical, social and cultural problems, most societies need planning and knowing the possibilities and their current and potential resources more than past.

Aeluropus as a perennial and rhizomatous grass with 5 species in the world is the only member of Aeluropodeae. Due to the presence of hybrids taxa and some subspecies, effective diagnostic features provided for their classification have been insufficient. Aeluropus identification has a lot of problems. In this project 23 accessions of Aeluropus from different localities of Iran have been studied using 26 qualitative and 22 quantitative morphological features. Some accessions with intermediate morphological characters were found between A.littoralis and A. lagopoides. Multivariate statistical analysis comprises Cluster analysis and Ordination was done by use of SPSS ver.9.1.Software. Species relationships were evaluated by use of qualitative and quantitative morphological features. Results of statistical analysis showed that there were clearly four different species in this genus in Iran and some intermediate accessions too. An identification key based on studied morphological diagnostic characters was provided for members of this genus in Iran.

Phalaris is a grass which is distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world. There are many taxonomic problems in this genus. In order to clarify the taxonomy and the interrelationships among Iranian Phalaris taxa, including Ph. minor, Ph. arundinaceae, Ph. brachystachys and Ph. paradoxa 70 qualitative and quantitative morphological characteristics were examined. numerical taxonomy was performed on 36 accessions of 5 taxa, concerning intra- and interpopulations variations as well as inter-specific relationships. The most variable morphological characters in the species delimitation were also determined. The species differed significantly in most of chosen qualitative characters. Results show a clear similarity between two varieties of Ph. paradoxa. Despite the wide range of habitats where the accessions were gathered, they showed four definite spots in their PCA ordination graphs. This showed the efficiency of chosen morphological characters in this study. An identification key based on studied features was provided and the species relationships were discussed.

Noticeable variation was observed in a number of morphological characters in the Glycyrrhiza specimens in various habitats in north of Iran. To study these variations, two taxa related to the Hyrcanian region from all four known taxa of this genus in Iran, including Glycyrrhiza echinata, and G. glabra var. glabra were studied by numerical taxonomy using morphological characters in three provinces, Golestan, Mazandaran, and Gilan. A total of 15 populations were studied in terms of 60 quantitative and qualitative characters of vegetative and reproductive organs, and the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software after encoding. Based on the PCA analysis, 11 components created about 98% of diversity, indicating the separation of relatively numerous characters for these taxa. Among these traits, the best one was the length of the pedicle. In the WARD cluster analysis, the populations of each taxon are located in a separate cluster and their position in each cluster is also significantly aligned with the longitude, which can be attributed to the significant influence of climate conditions, including relative humidity from west to east on the variety of peculiarities in these taxa. Based on the results of this study, taxonomic treatment of the studied taxa in Flora Iranica confirmed.

There are various levels of agriculture development in different areas. So, there would be a heterogeneous case in order to observe such an event. This case might not lead to study and evaluate all the processes of development completely. The first step in planning and developing agriculture cases is to analyses the facilities and to recognize the potentials. So, this paper aims to determine the level of agricultural development in Fars cities by using numerical taxonomy method. Ten main agriculture indexes have been used. The statistics and data were taken from Fars agriculture database and annual statistics from 2003-2007. It can be derived from the study that some cities like Khorambid, Arsenjan, Mohr and Sepidan have developed remarkably in comparison with other cities. Besides, Kazeron, Lamerd, Ghir-o-karzin are placed in a lower rank of development except Farashband that is omitted from this list for being heterogeneous. Finally, some solutions have been suggested to develop various parts of Fars in order to develop agriculture.

In this paper, recommended spiral passive micromixer was designed and simulated. spiral design has the potential to create and strengthen the centrifugal force and the secondary flow. A series of simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of channel width, channel depth, the gap between loops, and flowrate on the micromixer performance. These features impact the contact area of the two fluids and ultimately lead to an increment in the quality of the mixture. In this study, for the flow rate of 25 μl/min and molecular diffusion coefficient of 1×10-10 m2/s, mixing efficiency of more than 90% is achieved after 30 (approximately one-third of the total channel length). Finally, the optimized design fabricated using proposed 3D printing method.

numerical taxonomy and seed storage protein analysis of Hyoscyamus species of Iran was carried out with the aim to illustrate species inter-relationship and to check the sub-generic taxonomic treatment proposed for the genus. Cluster analysis of morphological and protein data grouped the species in three separate clusters which supports the relationships of H. niger with H. reticulatus and H. kurdicus with H. squarrosus and H. arachnoideus. Discriminant analysis produced three separate groups with 100% correctness of predicted versus actual membership of the species studied, supporting the sub-generic treatment of the genus Hyoscamus.